author(s)
Chandan Kumar Singh, Ashwani Kumar and Navdeep Singh

abstract
Bovine animals suffering from cardiac diseases show non-specific clinical signs which largely depend upon the nature and severity of the disease process. Pericarditis is one of the most commonly recorded conditions in cattle and buffaloes. Myocardial disease can occur at any age and diagnosis of it is difficult unless in advanced stage. Endocardium is mostly affected with bacterial endocarditis and selection of antibiotic should be done on the ability of arresting valve destruction by the bacteria. The most common congenital heart disease in cattle is ventricular septal defect and till date no surgical protocol has been described in bovine. Cardiac auscultation should always be in routine practice for any case suspected for heart disease. Hemato-biochemical tests may aid to distinguish neoplastic from non-neoplastic conditions, bacterial endocarditis. Pericardiocentesis can be done in the standing animal under local anesthesia for harvesting samples to perform cell cytology and culture studies. Specific cardiac biomarker i.e. cardiac troponin I, cardiac tropinin T are found useful in the early diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis, myocarditis. Electrocardiography is useful to detect abnormalities of cardiac rate, rhythm and conduction system. Phonocardiography can be an adjunct to animal presented for cardiac murmur, split heart sounds, loud third heart sound or other sounds such as rubs, clicks, or snaps associated with heart beats. Echocardiography is the most sensitive of all the diagnostic modalities available for disease related to heart. Prognosis in cardiac diseases in bovine generally ranges from guarded to poor. The treatment of cardiac diseases in bovine are being attempted to achieve short term goal of calving or superovulation.