author(s)
Rock Aïkpon, Razaki Ossè, Idelphonse Ahogni, Fortuné Dagnon, Filémon Tokponon, Laurent Lyikirenga and Martin Akogbéto

abstract
A significant reduction in malaria incidence has been observed in Africa, due to the extensive use of indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated net. Even so, residual malaria transmission continues to occur. This study aims to quantify the potentiel risk of the different night-time and location in the context of high coverage of ITNs and IRS in Benin. Adult mosquito collections were carried out through Human Landing Catch. Vector species were identified using PCR. ELISA was used to determine sporozoite infections. The majority of biting occurred late at night with more infective bites observed outdoor. Considerable biting occurred early in the evening. The proportion of malaria transmission occurring before sleeping hours and outdoors is compromising the efforts towards malara control. To curtail residual malaria transmission, additional interventions able to target vectors escaping conventionnal vector control interventions should be prioritized.