author(s)
Abhishek Kumar, Balamurugan B, Ajaz Ali, Ramamoorthy M and Desh Deepak

abstract
Reproductive disorders are the major threats antagonizing fertility as well as productivity of dairy cattle. In India, the likelihood of infertility problems increases especially in lactating cows and buffaloes which are unnecessary exploited to meet heavy demands of milk in the face of poor management practices. The objective of this present review was to highlight the therapeutic aspects such as nanotherapy, stem-cell based therapy and gene therapy which are uncommon and the advancements in these areas along with hormonal therapy for the alleviation of reproductive problems in dairy animals. Though management conditions like housing (surrounding environment), feeding and watering largely play an important role in the prevention of reproductive diseases, these are commonly alleviated through the use of antibiotics, herbal remedy, homeopathy and immunotherapy (immune modulators). Apart from this, there is need for advancement in hormonal therapy to make it more convenient for easy application without causing adverse effects in animal body. Nanotherapy, stem-cell based therapy and gene therapy have the potential which need to be explored for more targeted and specific treatment as well as for their future applications on large scale in the livestock sector.