author(s)
Vandana Yadav, BL Saini, Narendra Pratap Singh, Neeti Lakhani and Rahul Sharma

abstract
The ability to determine nucleic acid sequences is one of the most important platforms for the detailed study of biological systems. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized genomic and genetic research. Starting from the basic Sanger sequencing, the next generation sequencing are providing high throughput and much cheaper alternative. All NGS have a similar base methodology that includes template preparation, sequencing and imaging, and data analysis. Different NGS platform use different technology for the identification of the called base. Different commercially available technologies include 454 FLX Roche (pyrosequecing), Illumina Solexa (CRT), ABI SOLiD (sequencing by ligation) and Ion semiconductor sequencing (Ion Torrent) which require the pre-amplification process before sequencing. Single molecule approach are the developing technology for sequencing which can provide the @1000$ per genome. Single molecule technology includes Helicos sequencer, SMRT, Nanopore technology that does not require the amplification prior to sequencing. Data analysis can be time-consuming and may require special knowledge of bioinformatics to gather accurate information from sequence data. Resequencing of the human genome is being performed to identify genes and regulatory elements involved in pathological processes. NGS has also provided a wealth of knowledge for comparative biology studies through whole genome sequencing of a wide variety of organisms. Simply analyzing all DNA from control versus infected (diseased) individuals will reveal the “extra” DNA, which most likely derives from the infectious agent. The approach was used successfully to identify e.g. colony collapse disorder killing honeybees but also to identify the cause of diseases that killed thousands of humans in the past. Thus NGS can be used for genomics, trancriptomics, epigenetic study and metagenomics study.